From: The Singapore Management University's Digital Media Across Asia wiki
For the latest version visit:
https://wiki.smu.edu.sg/digitalmediaasia/Digital_Media_in_South_Korea
South Korea, officially known as the Republic of Korea, is located in East Asia, at the tip of the Korean peninsula. The capital city is Seoul, which is also its largest city. The country has predominantly mountainous terrain and houses a population of 48,754,657 people. South Korea today is a fully functioning modern democracy. Since the 1960s, South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth and global integration to become a high-tech industrialized economy. It is currently the world's 13th largest economy (in terms of purchasing power parity). As the world's 8th largest exporter, its export production focuses on semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships and petrochemicals.
Contents[hide] |
Digital Literacy
Internet
South Korea is one of the most connected nations in the world with high broadband penetration rates and a tech savvy population. She also has the world's fastest average Internet connection speed at 14.6 Mbps. The government is constantly looking to upgrading the network, there are plans to bump the connection of every household in South Korea to 1 gigabit per second by 2012.[4]
General Statistics
According
to the 2010 Survey on the Internet Usage done by Korea Communications
Commission (KKC) and the Korea Internet & Security Agency (KISA)[5],
No. of Internet users: 38 million
Household internet penetration rate: 81.6%
Internet usage rate of population aged 3 and up: 77.8%
There is an increasing trend in the number of Internet users over the
years from 2000 to 2010. This is also true for the Internet usage rate.
Government support in developing the infrastructure is the main reason
for such a high penetration rate. South Korea has amongst the world's
highest Internet usage and broadband penetration and is one of the
leading countries for broadband subscribers in Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.
Profile of Internet users in South Korea
The information is categorized into the following: Gender, Age, Occupation and Education Level.
Gender
There is an almost equal amount of chance that the average Internet
user is a male or a female. Internet usage rates of men and women are
83.2% and 72.4% and the number of Internet users are 19,850 and 17,160k
respectively.
Age
Below
is a breakdown of Korean Internet users by age. The Internet usage
rates of people 30 and below are almost at 100%, mirroring the findings
shown above. As we go older, the usage rate decrease dropping to 87.3%
for people in their 40s and even lower for the 50s and 60s at 55.2% and
33.8%. A majority of Internet users are in their 30s and 40s standing
at 40.1%.
Occupation
79.5% of workers in Korea use the Internet and the occupations are
broken down into these as follows, professionals/managers, office
workers, service/sales, production workers, students and
housewives.
Education Level
We also found that college graduates are the heaviest users of Internet
followed by high school graduates, middle school graduates and
elementary and below.
Internet usage patterns
Duration
Most internet users access the Internet at least once a day, spending
an average of 14.7 hours weekly with almost half of this group (48.9%)
spending more than 14 hours or more.
Locations
People mainly access the Internet from home, followed by at work.
Purposes
We
also found that the Internet is mainly used for getting information or
data followed by leisure activities.
How Korea's IT infrastructure will
change in 2012
The Korea Communications Commission (KCC) announced its plans of investing $34 trillion Won including $32.8 trillion Won from the private sector in the country's IT infrastructure.[6] This plan aims to accommodate for future demand it expects from the broadcasting and communications services. The government foresees the investment will create more jobs and boost the economy. It is assumed that a cycle like the one shown will be created with investment from private sectors.
Mobile
Overview
With over 75% of the population with mobile phone services and companies like Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, and SK Telecom surfacing as powerhouses in the global mobile industry, South Korea has become one of the hotbeds of innovation in mobile services.
South Korea has the fastest growing mobile penetration rates in the Asia-Pacific region. At SK Telecom, its current CDMA network is still technically considered a 2.5G network. However, in the beginning of 2002, the network was upgraded. With the new 3G network, SK Telecom supported sophisticated forms of multimedia services of up to 2.4 Mbps.
Within a year after the launch of its 3G services in 2001, about 7% of the mobile phone subscribers had registered. The average revenue per user (ARPU) was nearly three times higher than that of 2G (second generation) users.
With the introduction of CDMA 1x EV-DO, multimedia services such as video streaming have been added to the list of services provided by mobile operators in South Korea. This technology was used during the 2002 soccer World Cup. Other services provided are financial enabler services for payments to be made through the mobile terminal. Some examples of financial transactions through mobile terminals and mobile networks include shopping, auctioning, ticketing, advertising, customer care, and information management.[7]
Market Description
The total number of mobile subscribers (with or without Internet access) in South Korea ultimo 2002 was 32 million, which is equivalent to 70% of the population. This constitutes a tremendous increase since 1995 when the total number of subscribers was 1.6 million. There are two main mobile operators in South Korea, SK Telecom is the largest with Korea Telecom's KTF being the second largest operator. SK Telecom has about 53% of the market or about 17 million users.
Mobile
operators in South Korea have provided a wide variety of services to
users on the mobile Internet platform. Services that allow mobile users
to subscribe and customize services to their liking and to access the
Internet whenever they desire, have been introduced. These services are
not only accessible through mobile terminals but also through other
devices such as PDAs and PCs. [8]
Smartphone market
The smartphone market exploded since the introduction of the Apple iPhone into the market from a mere 7.5 million units in 2008 to a staggering 16.5 million units in 2009; a 220% increase in just a year. Samsung is still leading the pack with its Android phone due to its aggressive marketing in Korea but the iPhone is fast catching up. Below are the 7 top issues happening in the Korean mobile market in 2011. [9]
- Smartphones soaring to the 20 million mark
- Predicted increase in tablet sales
- Mobile VoIP trending
- Beginning of Long Term Evolution era which is a major candidate for 4G technology
- Boost of support & usage for Mobile Cloud Computing
- Fast growing mobile ad market
- Spread of the use of Social Networking (SNS)
Digital Media Platforms
Overview
The South Korean online community use a multitude and array of digital tools and channels for their online activities. Notable mentions in the activities shown below are the use of Social Networking Sites (SNS) and online trade. Recent figures reveal that twitter users in Korea have exceeded 3 million and 67% of Korean CEOs believe that "SNS will change the way of communication", it is also the most used channel to communicate with employees and customers among Korean CEOs. [10] The Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry also found out that 60% of people in their 20s have used social commerce. Below are some shortlisted examples of popular channels digitally connected South Koreans use.
Blogs
South Korea is home to one of the largest blogging communities in the world, second only to China.[11]
Blog Hosting Sites
Popular
blog hosting sites include:
1. Naver
Blogs
2. Daum
blogs
3. Egloos
4. Blogin
5. Tistory
5. Textcube
6. Yahoo!Korea
blog
Naver Blogs and Daum Blogs are the two most popular blog hosting sites
in South Korea, both belongs to the larger Naver and Daum net giants
respectively.
Popular Blogs to Follow
Fashion Blogs - Streetfsn
Microblogging
Increasing popularity of tweeting in
South Korea, credits to: Daumsoft
- 1. Twitter -
Twitter has had a phenomenal impact in South Korea with users having an
active user rate two times higher than the world average.[12] Twitter
subscriber growth increased tenfold in 2010 while the number of tweets
have also increased significantly. This was largely due to the advent
of smart phones and handheld computers.
Similar to the global use of Twitter, South Korean tweets focus largely on celebrities, entertainment and politics. Along with the many Korean celebrities who have large followings on their Twitter pages, there are a number of politicians, corporations and government offices that use Twitter in combination with other social networking sites to better communicate with their constituents, consumers and the public. As of January 19, 2011, Twitter has expanded to offer a Korean language service, making Korean the seventh language available for support on Twitter.
- 2. me2DAY -
Owned by Naver. Popularly dubbed as the "Twitter of South Korea",
me2DAY is popular among South Korean celebrities including
G-Dragon from Big Bang and Sandara Park from 2NE1.[13]
- 3. Nate Connect - Owned by Nate. Connect focuses on communication between people users are already acquainted with. Connect consolidates existing buddy list contacts from NateOn messenger, an instant messaging service, and contacts database from Cyworld to enable communication. According to SK Communications, blog platforms other than Cyworld will be made compatible for use with Connect. [14]
- 4. Yozm - Owned by Daum. Allows users with similar tastes and lifestyles to socialize through entering personal information under different stated categories. [15]
- 5. sfoon - Owned by Nurien. Connects Twitter, me2DAY, Flickr, Youtube accounts into one viewing convenience.
- 6. itgling - Owned by Mediare. Allows users to socialize with others who share similar web surfing/usage patterns rather than choosing to follow friends.
Social Networking Sites
Overview
South Koreans tend not to actively make friends with strangers offline;
however they do online. Hence, the average use of online social
networking services by South Koreans is much more frequent than the
average user in the world.
Many of the South Korean social networking sites overlap from being a
micro-blog to a homepage; therefore, previously discussed micro-blog
sites such as me2DAY, Yozm and Nate Connect serve as social networking
sites in South Korea as well. Local sites include Cyworld, Connect,
me2DAY, Yozm while global sites include Facebook and Twitter.
-
Cyworld
Cyworld is South Korea's leading social networking community with 25 million members since its inception in 1999. Cyworld is owned by Nate and operated by SK Communications, a subsidiary of SK Telecom. It functions as a hybrid between a blog and a personal homepage, and the subscribers' personal home pages is referred to as 'minihompy'. Cyworld users are very diverse and range anywhere from elementary students to middle-aged adults. Although its primary prevalence is found in South Korea, its influence has spread over China and Japan in recent years.
-
Facebook
Within
South Korea, Facebook's prominence lags behind Cyworld with only
slightly more than 4 million users. The Facebook penetration of the
South Korean online population lies at 10.17%. Compared with Facebook's
other international offices, South Korea is one of the fewer countries
where other local social networking sites dominate. However, Facebook
usage in South Korea is growing tremendously with 44% of its users
within the 25-34 age range and 32% within the 18-24 age range. [16]
Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) / Forums
- 1. Daum Agora
A popular web portal in South Korea. Includes a popular free web-based e-mail, messaging service, forums, shopping and news. The popularity of Daum stems from the range of services it offers, but also from the fact that it was the first South Korean web portal of significant size. Its popularity started when it merged with the then most popular e-mail service, Daum.net or Hanmail.net. After the merge, Daum started the forum service, DaumCafe, which brought its firm status in the market. The term cafe and even Internet cafe (Different from what is supposed to refer to in Western usage) is now used as the synonym for "Internet forum" in Korean.
- 2. DC Inside
DC Inside is frequently noted under the initiali, DC, and it functions as an Internet forum. Initially established as a community dedicated to digital cameras and photography, it has now met broad notoriety in South Korea due to its unique nature.
Instant Messaging
Overview
South Koreans use an array of instant messaging tools such as NateOn, KakaoTalk, Buddybuddy and MSN Messenger.
NateOn is an instant messaging client provided by Nate. In 2005, NateOn overtook MSN Messenger in the number of South Korean users. Today, NateOn is the most widely used online messenger program in South Korea.
v Kakao Talk is a mobile messenger that works on Apple's iPhone and Android-based smartphones. It allows users anywhere in the world to chat one-to-one or in a group for free. Message arrivals are instantly notified with Push Alert and users can send various multimedia such as pictures, videos, and contact telephone numbers as well. After its launch in March 2010, it has seen downloads by up to 6.6 million smart phone users out of the full 7.8 million smart phone user population, [17] with a total of 8 million users worldwide. [18]
Video-Sharing Websites
-
Youtube -
The South Korean population uses mainly the Youtube, a video-sharing
website on which users can upload, share, and view videos. [19]
-
Naver
Video- There are other alternative channels that
South Koreans use as well such as Naver video which belongs to Naver.[20]
Search Engines
Overview
The four largest Korean-language search engine portals in South Korea
are:
1. Naver
2. Daum
3. Nate
4. Yahoo!Korea
As
of 2010, Naver had
a 62% share of all searches from within South Korea. Daum,
another South Korean search portal, comes in second with a 21% share,
followed by Nate at
10% and Yahoo's Korean-language
service with 3%.[21]
-
NHNCorp (an
Internet content service provider and online games operator
head-quartered) in South Korea. Naver functions similarly to Google and
Yahoo with information search in all areas such as music, video, book,
mobile and multimedia. [22]
- Amazingsoft
- Nethru
- To get information
- To understand other opinions and ways of life
- To get education and knowledge
- To relax
- 1. Social Networking Sites
- 2. Location-based Applications
Analytics
The three largest local web analytics vendors in South Korea belong to[23]:
-
Bizspring
AGB
Nielsen Media Research is another local vendor that
offers the combined service of TAM (Television Audience Measurement),
AIS (Advertising Information Service), print readership and ad-hoc
media related research.[24]
Webtrends, an American company founded in Oregon in 1993, has currently expanded its services to South Korea. It offers services such as social media measurement, paid-search optimization and connecting the online and offline data silos scattered throughout organizations. However, it is still smaller as compared to the other local vendors in South Korea.[25]
Others
-
[26]
Location-based services (LBS) allows retailers to market to smartphone users based on their location. With this technology, companies can offer customized information and even sales or discounts to a particular user.
According to a study by EI Marketing Research Corp., the South Korea LBS market is estimated to have a total spend of $348 million in 2013. [27]
-
Ticket
Monster, which was established in May of 2009. More than
55,000 members have joined the site, which attracts 300,000 visitors
per day.[28]
-
SK
Telecom, are particularly interested in augmented reality
technology, which involves enhancing real-world images with
computer-generated ones.
-
E-Mart,
for example, includes QR codes in its advertisements so consumers can
quickly pull up information on various products via their smartphones.
E-commerce is majorly popular in South Korea and according to a study of visitor traffic by the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry, user traffic for mobile phone-related shopping malls increased by 192.3 percent between July and October compared 2010 compared to in 2009. In terms of traffic volume, "comprehensive" online malls that sold a wide range of products such as GMarket and Auction and the online arms of brick-and-mortar retailers such as Lotte and Shinsegae Mall, were found to host the largest share with an average of 21.85 million visitors per month.[29]
There's now a current rise of smartphone applications that draws on the use of artificial intelligence. The most recent is the use of a virtual girlfriend in an application called 'Honey, it's me!' where the app calls the smartphone owner three to four times a day and treats him to a video conversation with his virtual girlfriend, a female character named Mina.[30]
Traditional Media Platforms
In this section, we included brief descriptions of Broadcasting and Cable Television, the television audience, publishing, radio, regulators of these channels as well as the advertising industry in South Korea.
Broadcasting & Cable TV
According to BBC,
TV is influential and the major terrestrial networks, including market
leaders Korea
Broadcasting System (KBS) and Munhwa
Broadcasting Corporation (MBC), command the lion's share of
viewing and advertising. Most South Koreans subscribe to digital cable
and satellite.
Network TV news broadcasts are nationalist in outlook, friendlier to North Korea and more critical of Japan and the U.S. than the big newspapers.
South Korean TV soaps are popular across the region, including in China. They are part of the "Korean Wave" - the export of South Korean popular culture across Asia.
The government has stepped up pressure on TV channels that are seen as over-critical, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) noted in 2010. Nevertheless, South Korea is one of the few Asian nations where there is real news pluralism, it added.
The country is a pioneer of TV via mobile devices and the Internet (IPTV). The government has "put in place the means to scrutinise online news", says RSF. Scores of web users, including a well-known blogger, have been arrested following complaints from the government or by individuals.
Information from The Museum of Broadcast Communications suggests the following:
The Korean Television Audience
Reasons for watching television[31]:
Average
television sets owned by each household: 1.6
Average time spent on television: 3 hours (weekdays), 5 hours
(weekends)
Most popular time slot: 9:00 P.M. - 10:00 P.M.
Highest rated program: 9:00 P.M. evening news
A poll conducted by KBS shows men watch more television than women. On
weekends there were no differences in television viewing among age
groups. The evening news is watched by 70% of adult audiences in
Korea.
Below is the breakdown on the preferences of television audience with
regards to show categories:
Television (in order of significance):[32]
 |
Korea
Broadcasting System (KBS) Public, operates two networks; web pages in English |
 |
Munhwa
Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) Public, operates two networks; web pages in English |
 |
Seoul
Broadcasting System (SBS) Private |
 |
Education
Broadcasting System (EBS) Public, educational programmes |
 |
Inchon
Television (iTV)] Private, Inchon-based |
 |
Jeonju
Television Corporation (JTV) Commercial, Jeonju-based |
 |
American
Forces Network (AFN) Korea TV for US military, also watched by many Koreans |
 |
SkyLife Digital satellite TV operator |
Publishing
Newspaper readership is high and there are more than 100 national and
local dailies. The press is often critical of the government. Many
newspapers are controlled by industrial conglomerates. In Korea, like
many other countries, newspaper subscribers are decreasing.
The three newspapers with the widest circulations -- which together account for about 70% of readership -- are privately owned. The papers are conservative in outlook with stories that take a hard line on North Korea and advocate strong ties with Japan and the U.S.[33]
The press (in order of significance):[34]
 |
Chosun
Ilbo English Language Pages |
 |
Dong-a
Ilbo English Language Pages |
 |
Korea
Times English-language pages |
 |
Hangyore
Sinmun English-language pages |
 |
JoongAng
Ilbo English-language pages |
 |
Hankook
Ilbo Daily |
 |
Korea Daily News |
 |
Korea Economic Daily |
 |
Korea
Herald English-language |
 |
Munhwa
Ilbo Daily |
News agency:
 |
Yonhap
News Agency English-language pages |
Magazine News Media:
 |
Economist |
Radio
Radio broadcasts in South Korea are mainly done in the Korean language with few English stations available on both AM and FM channels.
Radio stations:
|
Korea
Broadcasting System (KBS) Public, operates six networks |
 |
KBS
World Radio External broadcaster, operated by KBS |
|
Munhwa
Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) Public, operates MBC Radio and music-based MBC FM |
 |
Seoul
Broadcasting System Operates SBS-FM |
 |
Christian
Broadcasting System (CBS) Christian network |
| -- | Buddhist Broadcasting System (BBS) A Buddhist network and Far East Broadcasting Corporation (FEBC) also has religious content |
 |
Far
East Broadcasting Corporation (FEBC) Religious |
|
American
Forces Network (AFN) Korea Radio for US military |
 |
tbs
eFM Seoul, English-language |
Regulators
 |
Korea Communications Commission (KCC) |
Advertising
In 2010, South Korea's media industry had a strong year in advertising
spending, according to an annual survey by the nation's biggest ad
agency, Cheil Worldwide. There was an increase of spending across all
media, with traditional print and broadcast having the least
gains. [35]
There is a jump of 16.5% to 8.45 trillion won last year, or about $7.5 billion. Advertising spending dropped 6.9% in 2009 due to cutbacks in marketing that businesses made in the wake of the 2008 global economic crisis. Ad spending in 2010 was 8.4% higher than it was in 2008.
However, ad spending on newspapers and radio in 2010 was still below 2008. Ad spending on magazines and broadcast TV was barely above 2008 levels, even with the help of the Winter Olympics and World Cup, events that are a magnet for advertisers trying to reach mass audiences.
South Korea's media industry accounts for less than 1% of the nation's GDP, well below the size of media industries in other developed countries. That's due in large part to government control of advertising rates and purchases, which are funneled through two agencies that have been around since the days of military dictatorship in the 1980s. Looking ahead to 2011, Cheil said ad spending could increase if the government follows through on promises to ease some of its regulations on the industry.
For more information on the latest South korea news feeds by
categories, please see World
News Report-South Korea
Impacts of Digital Media
Business
Digital Marketing
Integrated
Digital Platforms
Increasingly, major South Korean companies such as Samsung, LG
Electronics and Hyundai have
begun to set up an integrated platform featuring their CEO blogs,
corporate blogs, Facebook and Twitter accounts in an attempt to
communicate more personally with their customers[36] and
espouse an image of being open and transparent.[37]
1. CEO Personal Blogs
-
Cheil
Worldwide - President and CEO Nack-Hoi
Kim.
Cheil Worldwide is global marketing and communications company headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. It is the largest advertising agency in South Korea and manages international Korean brands such as Samsung Electronics. On this blog, Mr Kim shares his insights about the communications industry and uses it as a tool to communicate with his employees.
-
DreamWiz
Inc. - CEO Chan-Jin
Lee
Right
after Dreamwiz merged with blog servicing company, Intizen, Mr Lee set
up his own blog to find out what bloggers really want from the blog
service. Along with his personal views about the company's new projects
and businesses, he also provides reviews on gadgets on his blog. His
blog is very popular among the power bloggers in South Korea.
2. Corporate Blogs
The way South Korean organizations use corporate blogging is affected
by the nation's culture. South Koreans have larger power-distance index
and a stronger uncertainty avoidance index compared to countries such
as the USA. Therefore, most South Korean companies adopt a top-down
corporate blogging strategy when it comes to the promotion of their
corporate blogs, with message control as the rule of conduct. However,
Korean corporate blogs are highly interactive offering rich multi-media
functions such as music, avatars, flash and video. Furthermore, Korean
corporate blogs frequently engage netizens and consumers in events such
as competitions for user generated content prior to product
launches. [38]
Advertising on social networking services is poised to hit the big time in South Korea, with South Koreans fast recognizing the potential of its so-called "one-man ads". An ideal time, then, for the appearance of a new, streamlined ad service called AdbyMe, which promises to make it easier for Korean firms (or anyone else) to create and distribute ads via social networking services - primarily Facebook, Twitter and me2DAY. [39]
Leveraging
on User Created Content (UCC)
Many companies and even the public sector currently make use of UCC or
consumer generated media (CGM) in competitions to promote their
products, brands and campaigns. In 2007, Converse
Korea, reached out to netizens to create a promotional video
featuring Converse sneakers. The winning UCC was then run on air
on M-net,
a popular music channel in Korea. The Ministry
of Culture and Tourism also held a UCC event where
participants were required to create a video which features tourism
resources in Korea to promote tourism to foreigners outside of
Korea.
Search Engine Optimization
InterAd.com, Inc. provides a engine optimisation (SEO) and search engine marketing (SEM) service that aims to improve companies' online business presence in major search engines. InterAd.com's clients include Yahoo! Korea, Samsung SDS, KOTRA, the Official websites run by Korean Government, and hundreds of other small & medium companies. The company has been certified with Google Advertising Professional, Yahoo! SEO and Microsoft MSVP.
They offer services such as:
Society
Privacy Concerns
A study done by the Korea Information and Security Agency highlighted the dangers of overexposure to social networking sites with the personal information of users being vulnerable to strangers, advertisers and marketers. [40]
65.7% of South Korean Internet users use social networking sites. A poll by Microsoft found that 63% of Koreans use more than three different social networking sites. [41]
In South Korea, Kakao Talk, a popular mobile message service that works on Apple's iPhone and Android-based smart phones, relaxed its privacy policy without notifying subscribers in October, causing a public uproar. It seems even more pertinent for South Korea given that their social networking service usage rate is higher than the world's average, exposing them to even more threats of privacy intrusion. [42]
The application Oppa Midji? ("You trust oppa, right?") allows users to keep track of their boyfriends or girlfriends' locations via their smart phones. For the first two days of its operation, there was no safeguard against users to have their locational details to anyone else who had downloaded the application. The newer version of Oppa Midji now requires both parties to give their express permission. [43]
Government
Two major watershed events in modern day South Korean politics influenced by digital media could be seen in the 2008 Chotbul protest and the "Rohsamo" presidential campaign of 2002.
In the 2008 Chotbul protest in South Korea, it showed how real-time online and off-line interaction through the Internet and the mobile phone led to the participants' online actions which proliferated against a background of the failure of representative system of politics and media.[44]
US Beef imports protest
On May 2 2008, more than 20,000 people gathered at Cheonggye plaza in
Seoul and held a Chotbul cultural festival to protest against the
negotiation of U.S. beef imports tainted by
mad cow disease. The protest even called for the impeachment of
President Lee Myung-bak who took office less than 3 months earlier.
Chotbul protest consisted of real-time connections and interactions
between online and protest sites mediated by debate bulletin boards,
chatting rooms, sms messages, and especially live streamings.
The Chotbul protest against U.S. beef imports started with netizens' self-mobilization and voluntary participation. However, it gradually extended to movements opposing the liberalization of public education, the cross-country canal project, the privatization of the public sectors and conservative media. The protest was marked by people's creative use of Information Communication Technology(ICT) and media.[45]
Presidential
Election 2002
Roh Moo-hyun's dramatic victory on December 19, 2002 was enabled by the
Internet. The Internet made available alternative sources of political
information unfiltered by the conservative and often biased mass media.
Rohsamo, a group of people who supported Roh Moo-hyun became the focal
organizing structure around which the efforts of individual supporters
were coordinated. Roh's election would have been impossible had it not
been for the nationwide broadband infrastructure and low costs for
household high-speed Internet access.[46]
Economy
South Korea ranked #1 in the Global Innovation Index for large countries by the Boston Consulting Group, National Association of Manufacturers and The Manufacturing Institute. [47]
South Korea's economy relies heavily on international trade and its IT-related products account for almost one third of its total exports.In particular, the mobile telecommunication sector is a strategic trade commodity for South Korea to maintain its global market leadership for mobile telephony services and cell phone production.In a five year period from 2004 to 2008, the ETRI earned more than 254.8 billion South Korean won in technology royalties with a total of 1,294 cases of technology transfer.
The South Korean government allocates adequate resources towards the
development of broadband,mobile and wireless technologies. In fact, the
birthplace to several of Korea's technologies originated at the
non-profit government-funded Electronics and Telecommunications
Research Institute(ETRI). Its objective is to develop basic and core
technologies which subsequently sought to feed into new products by
private companies.The South Korean government funds the ETRI – with
budgets amounting to hundreds of million US dollar annually to focus on
intensive IT research.
Environment
People from Seoul and other crowded South Korean cities are already seen applying for apartments and the planners are counting on enticing attractive businesses.
Mr. Kim, Vice President for strategy at New Songdo City Development stated that the project is a profit-generating model unlike other U-city projects. Songdo U-Life would charge building owners for facilities management and serve as a gateway to services. Its partners will test market services that require wireless data access everywhere or a common ID system without having to build anything themselves.[48]
Digital Media City Landmark Tower
In addition, a digital media landmark tower is set to be build at the north of the Han River, Seoul. It have a stack effect and wind turbines located at the top of the building. There are high efficiency solar photovoltaic panels that maximize solar energy and provide additional shade where needed most, thus, reducing internal cooling loads. Radiant cooling through chilled beams, radiant floor heating and drawn tempered air through green atriums adds further efficiency. There are atrium gardens and open air green spaces throughout the building that act as natural air filters for the building's inhabitants.[49]
Regulations
Regulating Social Networking Services
-
[50]
While regulations vary among local portal operators, no current legal system has yet been established to handle the issue, even in the world's most wired country. Critics and ordinary citizens alike have called for a social consensus on dispersing these "digital assets" after death with the image on the right showing their preferred choices.
Legislation for Data Protection
Due to South Korea's high distribution rate for Internet broadband networks, the chances of data breach is exceptionally high. The government is now reviewing a revised version of the Data Protection Act which seeks to regulate data protection in both the public and private sector.
Currently, the supervisory watchdog for data protection is under two governmental departments: the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs for the public sector, and the Ministry of Information and Communication for the private sector.
On another note, South Korea's private sector law is one of the strictest set of requirements in the Asia-Pacific region. Businesses can only use personal information collected for the purposes stated at the time of collection. Where this is breached, the victim may seek pecuniary compensation. In one case, one female patient underwent a plastic surgery operation and the clinic posted the movie of the patient's operation on its Web site without her consent, and so was ordered to pay 4 million won in reparations. [51]
Controversies
Vague state of Internet regulation with regards to online defamation
There is a lack of regulations to counter widespread cyber defamation and online harassment in South Korea. It is a serious problem in South Korea with the police reporting 10,028 cases of online libel in 2007, up from 3,667 reported in 2004.[52]
The death of popular movie star, Choi Jin-sil in 2008 from a suicide attempt sparked public outcry over the spread of malicious rumors on the Internet that police said eventually caused her untimely death.
The Internet has always been a part of most Koreans' lives; it is the most wired country in the world. The Internet has not always been abused; it played a major role in the election of President Lee Myung Bak. But South Koreans have always been vocal online, especially so against the government. For example, the US beef imports incident where vicious antigovernment postings and online rumors caused a political upheaval and led to the resignation of the entire cabinet.
The government tried its hand at reining in the wild horse. In 2008, President Lee started a month long crackdown on online defamation, identifying and arresting those who habitually post slander or instigate cyber bullying. In 2007, the Korea Communications Commission (KCC) ordered web portals with more than 300,000 visitors a day to require mandatory registration of their real names and matching social security numbers in an effort to remove the cloak of Internet anonymity. Major portals like Naver and Daum complied. The government also introduced the Cyber Defamation Bill to punish those who insult others online with up to 3 years in jail or a $30 million Won fine but it has languished since critics questioned whether it would stifle freedom of speech. The state of online regulation has been in limbo ever since.
However, the issue of cyber bullying has not been swept under the covers. Shocked by the rising cases of suicide resulting from online defamation, a professor of intercultural education at Konkuk University, Min Byoung-chul started the 'Sunfull Movement' in 2007. Min says the movement's vision is to create a warmhearted cyber community full of sunshine. This vision is reflected in the movement's name, Sunfull, which derives from an abbreviation of a phrase meaning good comments. He has encouraged schools to create Sunfull pages on their websites where students can post positive comments. He is convinced of the educational effect of writing positive comments ― it can change a student's thinking and behavior. As evidence, he cites a recent survey: While 35 percent of the students in Korea on average have the experience of posting malicious comments, the percentage drops to a mere 3 percent among students who participate in the Sunfull Movement. Thanks to Min's personal efforts, the number of schools and students participating in his campaign has steadily increased. In 2010, the number of positive comments posted on the movement's official website topped 1 million.[53]
The NCSI Phenomenon - A boon and a bane
NCSI (Netizen Crime Scene Investigations) represent an increasing group of South Korean netizens who do research and investigations using "evidence" they pull from the Web that include real, personal information of people.
The biggest organized NCSI group is now DC Inside, an Internet portal with more than 1,000 bulletin boards. Among the boards, Comedy Gallery is where the majority of NCSIs spend their time. The Comedy Gallery is where netizens congregate to put their resources together to uncover the real identities of ordinary people who find themselves in the middle of controversy. [54]
While it can be argued that DC Inside has contributed to public safety and raising awareness, the anonymous netizens have come under heavy fire for libel. While sometimes their online sleuthing turns up crucial clues that help in official investigations. But all too often their actions ruin and traumatise lives and have driven victims to suicide.
A infamous example of an online attack belonged to the case of the "dog poop girl." In 2005, a photo of a girl who left the subway train without picking up her dog's waste was spread on the Internet. Korean netizens revealed her identity as well as her school, and she ended up dropping out in disgrace.
Recommendations
Top 5 Strategies for Individuals
1. Get connected via your smartphone
On-the-go shopping applications, popularly referred to as 'smart commerce', has skyrocketed since the introduction of the iPhone late 2009.[55]Capitalize on discounts, mobile payment, price comparison services, tracking and location-based services - in short, the convenience and benefits you can get with being and staying connected.
2. Embrace global trends
South Koreans are very receptive to foreign trends and services; the increasing popularity of Facebook and Twitter are two major examples. The next digital trend in the world might just well indicate the next trend for South Korea.
3. Stay social
The immense popularity of social networking services (SNS) in South Korea has begun to shade even more traditional forms of online communication such as emailing.[56] The large amount of time users invest online in SNS insinuate the large amount of information and networks available in these online communities.
Staying social would offer you the chance to gain access into these information and networks.
4. Don't believe everything you see
Although South Koreans do place a lot of trust in Internet content[57], it is always better to practise some caution when it comes to online content, especially so for Twitter.
According to Professor Han Sang-gi, at KAIST's graduate school of arts and culture, due to the indiscriminate nature of tweeting in Korea (50 percent of retweets take place within just 30 minutes compared with 50 percent in 60 minutes overseas), there exists floods of false or unverifiable claims on Twitter.[58]
5. Exercise discretion in revealing personal information
The rising popularity of social networking services within South Korea makes the risk for privacy intrusion and information overexposure even greater. The leak of personal information makes users more vulnerable to target advertising and cyber bullying or defamation
The Korea Communications Commission (KCC) advises users to set security and privacy settings on networks to the appropriate level; to agree to be connected with people only when you are certain who they are; and logging out when you're not using the service.[59] It also warned users about publishing personal information that may be used by advertisers and marketers for targeted advertising. It reminded users that once they upload postings, they can be widely distributed through other Web sites without the user's knowledge. The regulations can be viewed on the private information protection Web site, www.i-privacy.kr.[60]
Top 5 Strategies for Corporations
Koreans are fortunate to benefit from the fastest broadband infrastructure in the world, catching upon the latest sporting highlights or gaming with friends is almost as simple as updating your social networking profile or sending an email on your smartphone.
Local internet companies have been providing users with a slew of innovative services such as top local portal search engine naver's highly successful knowledge in Q&A service provided the inspiration for yahoo! answers.While both Naver and rival Daum have launched real time social media search services.
Top korean companies including a good house name chaebol such as LG is leading the social media charge in asia.
1. Monitor continuously
Be sure you are tracking top influencers,forums and other online channels in order to identify potential issues early and proactively enter into relevant in conversations.Discussions online do not conveniently occur during work hours. They can happen anytime on any channel topic.
2. Clarify objectives
Many organizations enter into the world of social media without a clear idea of what they are looking to achieve and using basic metrics and tools to evaluate their performance. Having a clear set of objectives will make the programme more effective easier to sell and simpler to evaluate.
3. Get management buy-in
Encourage senior management to be aware of and optimally participate in social media in order to foster appropriate participation by employees on behalf of the company. Setting a postivive example is the best method of social media leadership.
4. Contribution to the community
Be sure that your company's particpation in social media is relevant and genuinely helping and adding value to your audiences.This is as opposed to always providing content that is marketing or promotional in nature. As with human relationships, people respond to companies that listen, responsive and approachable.
5. Participate in good and bad times
There will always be situations in which it is best to avoid participating in online conversations but generally speaking, negative content provides an opportunity for an organization to share its point of view or set the record straight. Avoiding negative issues can also make you appear uncaring and perhaps with something hide.
Korean companies are keen to be seen as innovative. They have a tendency to view social networks and other social channels as marketing tools to reach out to customers rather than public relatins platforms that can benefit or damage an organisations' longer term reputation. The korean blogosphere has a volatile nature as the koreans have a culture of making contributions and willingess to discuss issues actively.
Today, microblogs are a preferred social media option because of its increasing popularity,easy to use,open and trustworthy for the user, korean companies figure it is a good way to communicate direct to local and international stakeholders at little cost.
Social networks are proving popular. Korean companies are using facebook and twitter to draw attention to the latest corporate news and to provide a better service more finely attuned to the evolving needs of journalists,bloggers,analysts and other influencers.
Korean companies have yet to start using video in any considerable way to illustrate their activities. In this area,pr departments have yet to learn the storytelling skills of the marketing activities.
Top 5 Up & Coming Digital Media tools
1. Mobile VoIP (Voice over IP)
Two examples of Mobile VoIP are Skype and Viber. It allows users to communicate via voice on their mobile phones if they have a high speed internet connection like broadband or Wi-Fi[63]. Keeping in mind that South Korea enjoys the highest internet speed in the world and has an increasing amount of smartphone users, it is only a matter of time that this technology becomes widely utilized. Currently, LG Uplus, the smallest mobile carrier in Korea has allowed mobile VoIP to differentiate itself from its competitors. SK Telecom and KT are following by allowing partial access[64] .
2. Augmented Reality Technology
It enhances people's perception of reality through the use of computer technology. This technology is possible with the use of smartphones and marketers in South Korea are increasingly using this, blurring the lines between what is real and what is not. Some examples are Avatar, the movie where it seemed as if the viewers were exploring the world of Pandora with the story's protagonists. Closer to home in South Korea, Bean Pole, a domestic clothing brand, used the technology to show its models, members of K-pop group 2NE1, sporting its latest clothes on 3-D screens in its shops[65]. Watch the video here.
3. Spread of Social Networking Service (SNS
Social Networking is the 'in' word of the season. The amount of people on it is incredible. According to comScore, the amount of Koreans using SNS is a staggering 25 million in 2010[66]. Imagine the power of that group of audience if your company manages to engage them. Some popular sites Koreans like include Naver, the 'Google' of Korea, Youtube of which 20% of its traffic is accounted for by smartphones[67], Cyworld for social networking and of course, Twitter, which is gaining in popularity.
4. E-commerce
This is another industry propelled by the increased usage in smartphones. 44% of the entire Korean population visit online malls at least once a month. This group is led by people in their 30s, followed by the 40s and finally, the 20s. "Comprehensive" online malls that sell numerous products like GMarket and Auction and the online arms of Lotte.com and Shinsegae Mall were found to host the largest share with an average of 21.85 million visitors per month[68]. The industry is expected to heat up with Groupon, the largest social commerce company entering the South Korean market[69].
5. Photo sharing services
Even though, according to comScore, only 17.1% of Koreans used photo sharing sites, new mobile photo SNS, such as Instagram and PicPlz are appearing in the market[70]. Perhaps these companies will replicate their success overseas in this unique market[71]. Korean SNS 'Finglr', provides real-time photo sharing service. Finglr also allow users to tag and share location information.[72]
Hear from the Experts
Video interview
1. Mr Carl Kwan
Carl is an online marketing consultant and a public speaking and presentations specialist with over 8 years of working experience with C-level executives and professionals. He has been very kind to share his thoughts about digital media in Korea and has recently set up a new social media website: Social Media Consulting Expert which helps businesses in Korea with social media marketing and branding.
View/download his interview here: Mr Carl Kwan Interview.
Email interviews
2. Mr Niels Footman
PR professional in consumer electronics in Seoul and writer of Footman's Frothings - a blog dedicated to social media and technology within South Korea; occasionally contributes to Seoul Space - a blog dedicated to innovations, start-ups, trends and events related to technology, internet, and all things digital within Korea.
View/download his interview here: Mr Niels Footman Interview
3. Mr James F Larson
James F Larson, the author of "The Telecommunications Revolution in Korea" took some time off his busy schedule to share with us some insights on his views about Korea Digital Development. His upcoming book Digital Development in Korea: Building an Information Society will soon be released! James F Larson's Homepage
View/download his interview here: Mr James F Larson Interview
4. Professor Jinwoo Kim
Professor Kim has a Ph. D. in Human Computer Interaction and M.S. in Human Computer Interaction from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. He is a noted expert on the field of new media and its applications by corporations such as Samsung and SK Telecom. We are thankful for the insights that he has shared with us regarding digital media in South Korea.
View/download his interview here: Professor Jinwoo Kim Interview
4. Mr Choi
Ex-president of NHN Corp.,an Internet content service operator headquartered in Seongnam, Korea and established in 1998. Its flagship product is the Naverportal, which is one of the most popular Internet portals and search engines in South Korea.
View/download his interview here: Mr Choi Interview
5. Mr Park Sang Hwan
CEO of HANATOUR Service Inc., the biggest travel agent in Korea; is well-known for being the industry leader to adopt new technology in marketing its online presence for the travel business.
View/download his interview here: Mr Park Sang Hwan Interview
6. Mr Kim Chang-Won'
Co-CEO of Korea's leading blog software company, TNC, now owned by Google[73]; visit his personal blog, Web 2.0 Asia.
View/download his interview here: Mr Kim Chang-Won Interview
Podcasts
Interview with Dr. Gi Hong Yi
This is an interview with Dr Gi Hong Yi, a Korean sociologist trained in the USA. He is interested in economic sociology, statistics, social network analysis, mobile computing and futurology. In this segment, he would be sharing with us on the digital media landscape in South Korea. He is currently a sociology professor at Hallym University since 2003 and also a visiting scholar to Stanford University.
Summary for inside digital media
With the rising Songdo City, South Korea intends to connect every home in the country to the Internet at one gigabit per second at the end of 2012. Download or listen to this podcast on what is installed for the future of South Korea in its digital media landscape.
Case Studies
- Naver, The Google Of South Korea.
- Crowd's wisdom helps South Korean search engine beat Google and Yahoo
- New Tech News-Naver Vs Google-South Korean Search Market
lthough Google is the leading search engine in the world, it is not the case in South Korea. Naver.com, dominates the South Korean search market with a whopping 61.9% search share; they rank above Daum, who has 19.7%, and Google, who has only 7.3%.
How does Naver do it? Firstly we have to understand the differences between Naver and Google. Google gives you the options to browse whatever results are being returned while Naver brings you the hits and makes you stay in their web to browse these results. In simple terms, Naver acts more like a portal with search engine capabilities instead of a search engine.
-
"Google
It" means "Naver It" in South Korea.
- South Korea all atwitter
- Twitter's Surprising Impact on the South Korean Election
- Twitter Banned During Elections-South Korea
- Use of Twitter and SNS Restricted During Elections in Korea
We should never underestimate the effects of social media towards politics. Noticed how President Obama used social media to communicate with his voters. He embraced web 2.0 and revolved his presidential campaign around social media platforms like YouTube, Facebook and Twitter.
South Korea provides another example on how social media can impact the election. It is one of the world most wired nations, with fast speed Internet and an active political scene. Thus, it is no surprise that a high percentage of the South Korean population communicate actively through the social media scene.
Getting your message out and reaching the audience is crucial to every election, and social media platforms are excellent at doing these. This was seen through the "go and vote" campaign that took South Korea by storm during their election period in year 2010.
South Korea – Twitter accounts have doubled since June when a "go and vote" campaign spread online and the office of the president began tweeting in hopes of creating better communication with voters.
However, it might not be as easy at it seems. South Korea has reportedly banned the use of Twitter during the election period. The National Election Commission (NEC) had actually restricted the use of Twitter for a period of 180-days before the election. These tweets should only be limited to personal views. NEC had even went into the extend of creating a twitter account, @nec3939, to track any illegal campaigns.
-
Twitter
jijihamyeon illegal candidate? Elections inevitable confusion
- Glimpse the future of IT in Seoul
- Seoul's Digital Media City
- New Century Cities
With 133-floors and standing at 640m tall, the landmark building's master plan was completed in 2000, and was targeted to be ready by April 2015. Once completed, it will be the tallest building in Asia!
This will once again propel South Korea digital media landscape into a new level as South Korea seeks to develop its IT infrastructure. The DMC (Digital Media City) will be home to digital media R&D firms, digital broadcasting centers and IT companies.
-
E-Cities
Strategy
- South Korea - CIA, The World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ks.html
References
South Korea Economy, Economy Watch, http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/south-korea/
South Korea, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_korea#cite_note-9
2010 Survey on the Internet Usage, March 17, 2011, http://isis.kisa.or.kr/eng/
2010 survey on Internet usage, 2010, Korea Communications Commission (KKC) and the Korea Internet & Security Agency (KISA)
South Korea will build 1 Gb/s Information Superhighway by 2012, Feb 5, 2009, http://www.koreaninsight.com/tag/korea-communications-commission/
Choi, Jaz Hee-jeong (2007) Approaching the Mobile Culture of East Asia. M/C : A Journal of Media and Culture 10(1)..Retrieved March 16, 2011 from http://eprints.qut.edu.au/
Henten A, Olesen H,Saugstrup D and Tan S. (2003) New mobile systems and services in Europe, Japan and South Korea∗.Retrieved March 16, 2011 from www.cict.dtu.dk/upload/centre/cict/publications/ctiwp75.pdf
Top-Seven 2011 Mobile Issues in Korea, Jan 11, 2011, http://www.telecomskorea.com/opinion-10022.html
Korea: Weekly Social Media News Update, Mar 11, 2011, http://www.asiadigitalmap.com/2011/03/korea-weekly-social-media-news-update-7/
Global State of Social Media in 2011 by Tom Smith, Global Web Index, Retrieved from http://globalwebindex.net/thinking/the-global-state-of-social-media-in-2011/
Twitter craze is just getting started, Daumsoft, January 18, 2011, http://daumsoft.tumblr.com/post/2806725377
Social Networking for the Stars, JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2918885
How Korean Net Giants are Responding to Twitter, Seoul Space, http://seoulspace.co.kr/2010/03/22/how-korean-net-giants-are-responding-to-twitter/
Another social media in Korea: Yozm, http://www.asiadigitalmap.com/2010/02/another-social-media-in-korea-yozm/
South Korea Facebook Statistics, Social Bakers, http://www.socialbakers.com/facebook-statistics/south-korea#chart-intervals
Kakao promotes happy talk among local mobile customers, Joins.com, February 2 2011, Joonai
Kakao Talk Now 8 Million Users Strong, Rakes in 2 Billion Won Last Month, Seoul Space, http://seoulspace.co.kr/2011/03/16/kakao-talk-now-8-million-users-strong-rakes-in-2-billion-won-last-month/
http://patriarchate.org
http://www.koreacrunch.com
Search Around the World: South Korea, Search Engine Watch, May 26 2010, Michael Bonfils, http://searchenginewatch.com/3640458
Impact of Naver, Best Blogs Asia, November 11 2009, http://www.bestblogs.asia/impact-naver.php
Web Analytics in Korea, http://www.webanalysts.info/webanalytics/web-analytics-in-korea-asia-part-i/#jonghee
AGB Nielsen, http://www.agbnielsen.com/aboutus/aboutus.asp
Webtrends, http://www.webtrends.com/aboutwebtrends
Apple iPhone Coming to South Korea This Week, http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/apple-iphone-coming-to-south-korea-this-week/
South Korea Location Based Services (LBS) Market Forecast, 2009 - 2013: Total spend in the LBS market in South Korea to rise to $348 million in 2013,http://www.reportlinker.com/p0209433/South-Korea-Location-Based-Services-LBS-Market-Forecast-Total-spend-in-the-LBS-market-in-South-Korea-to-rise-to-348-million-in.html
On-the-go shopping starts to soar as smartphone use skyrockets, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2929549
Online shoppers seek deals on mobile phones, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2929296
Feeling lonely? Snuggle up to your smartphone, JOONAI, Joins.com
Regulation of Broadcasting, http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=southkorea
Traditional Media South Korea, Fen 12, 2009, http://wiki.harro.com/index.php?title=Traditional_Media_South_Korea
Media of South Korea, Jan 26, 2011, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_South_Korea
South Korea Newspapers and News Media - National and Foreign, 2010, http://www.abyznewslinks.com/skore.htm
WSJ, After Difficult 2009, Ad Spending Rises 16% and Boosts Korean Media in 2010, Feb 22, 2011, http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2011/02/22/after-difficult-2009-ad-spending-rises-16-and-boosts-korean-media-in-2010/?KEYWORDS=south+korea+mediaKEYWORDS%3Dsouth+korea+mediaKEYWORDS%3Dsouth+korea+media
LG Electronics opens Facebook account,The Korea Herald
WSJ BLOG/Korea Real Time: Samsung Aims To Open Up With In-House Blog, Dow Jones International News
A cross cultural study of corporate blogs in the U.S. and in Korea, http://works.bepress.com/sunran_jeon/4/
AdbyMe Aims to Create Nation of SNS "Mad Men", http://nielsfootman.com/adbyme-aims-to-create-nation-of-sns-mad-men/
KCC tells how to guard data on social networks, Korean Joongang Daily, January 18 2011, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2931128
As social networks light up Web, many users still in dark on security, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2929052
As social networks light up Web, many users still in dark on security, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2929052
The Perils of Trusting Oppa, Footman's Frothings, January 9 2011, Niels Footman, http://nielsfootman.com/the-perils-of-trusting-oppa/
Dongwon,J.(2010,November). Real-time networked media activism in the 2008 Chotbul protest. Social movements Article Volume 2 (2): 92 - 102. Retrieved 16 March, 2011 from interfacejournal.nuim.ie/wordpress/wp.../Interface-2-2-pp.92-102-Jo.pdf
http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/include/print.asp?newsIdx=34785
Heekyung Hellen Kim; Jae Yun Moon; Shinkyu Yang; , "Broadband penetration and participatory politics: South Korea case," System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 10 pp., 5-8 Jan. 2004.Retrieved 16 March 2011 from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1265301&isnumber=28293
High-tech Korea. C.K. Yun Consulting, Inc. Retrieved 16 March, 2001 from http://www.ckyun.com/Blog/Entries/2011/2/28_High-tech_Korea.html
O'Connell, P. L. (2005, October 5). Korea's High - Tech Utopia,where everything is observed.The New York Times. Retrieved 15 March 2011 fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/05/technology/techspecial/05oconnell.html?_r=1&pagewanted
http://www.archdaily.com/43429/digital-media-city-som/
And to my dear son, I leave my blog, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2925027
The significance of data protection in Korea, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2932410
NYT, Korean Star's Suicide Reignites Debate on Web Regulation, Oct 12, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/technology/internet/13suicide.html
Korea Herald, Sunfull Movement, Dec 22, 2010, http://sunfull.or.kr/web/eng/sub/sub3.html#mode=read,page=1,uid=28,first=1
Online Sleuths Cause Grief in Real World, Korean Joongang Daily, December 8 2010, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2929368
On-the-go shopping starts to soar as smartphone use skyrockets, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2929549
SNS Stealing a March on e-mail in Korea, http://nielsfootman.com/sns-stealing-a-march-on-e-mail-in-korea/
Online sleuths cause grief in real world, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2929368
Korean Social Media Round-up, Footman's Frothings, http://nielsfootman.com/korean-social-media-round-up-3/
Use SNS at your own peril, 17 January 2011, Korea Times
KCC tells how to guard data on social networks, Korea JoongAng Daily, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2931128
Burson-Marsteller Asia-Pacific Social Media Study (2009).How Asian Companies are engaging stakeholders online.Retrieved March 16, 2011 fromhttp://issuu.com/bmasia/docs/apsocialmedia_study
Burson-Marsteller Asia-Pacific Social Media Study (2009).How Asian Companies are engaging stakeholders online.Retrieved March 16, 2011 fromhttp://issuu.com/bmasia/docs/apsocialmedia_study
Mobile VoIP, Mar 11, 2011, Mobile VoIP
Top-Seven 2011 Mobile Issues in Korea, Jan 11, 2011, [1]
What is augmented reality?, Korea Joongang Daily, July,24, 2010, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2923626
Top-Seven 2011 Mobile Issues in Korea, Jan 11, 2011, [2]
Local mobile users favor YouTube, Korea Joonang Daily, Feb 23, 2011, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2932595
Online shoppers seek deals on mobile phones, Korea Jooang Daily, Dec 7, 2010, http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2929296
Groupon aims for slice of Korean social commerce market, Translation courtesy of Oglivy, Mar 17, 2011, http://www.asiadigitalmap.com/2011/03/korea-weekly-social-media-news-update-8/ via Chosun Biz, http://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/03/14/2011031402312.html
State of the Internet with a focus on Asia Pacific, comScore, Jul, 2010,Wide Range in Popularity of Photo sites among Asian Audience
How Brands Are Using Mobile Photo Sharing, Mar 17, 2011, Mashable, http://mashable.com/2011/03/16/instagram-picplz-for-biz/
SNS is booming up with 'Photo Sharing Service', Translation courtesy of Oglivy, Mar 4, 2011, http://www.asiadigitalmap.com/2011/03/korea-weekly-social-media-news-update-6/, via etnews, http://www.etnews.co.kr/201103030062
Recent comments